Cryptic crossword reference lists > 1001 Cryptic letters
1001 Cryptic letters
How to solve cryptic charade clues, part 3.
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Interesting ways to indicate letters in cryptic charade clues include:
This list includes brief explanations. Some notes refer to other reference lists on this site, e.g. gramograms, alphabets, Roman numerals, homophones. Related content How to solve cryptic charade clues, part 1 - 1001 Abbreviations How to solve cryptic charade clues, part 2 - 1001 Cryptic short words |
A brief deadly maths function? (3)
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A
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a - i
about - c, ca (circa) about turn - u abstainer - tt (teetotaller) academic - ma, prof academy - ra, rada (Royal Academy of Dramatic Art) acceptable - ok, u (upper class) ace - i acid - lsd across - x actor - tree (Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree) actuary - aia, fia (Associate or Fellow of Institute of Actuaries) advertisement - pr aeroplane - mig (Soviet military aircraft) after lunch - pm afternoon - pm (post meridiem) afterthought - ps (post script) against - v (versus) aged - ae, aet (Latin aetatis) agent - rep (representative) airline - ba (British Airways) alcoholic state - dt (delirium tremens) alien - et (extra-terrestial) allow - ok alpha - a (phonetic alphabet) alright - ok always - eer (ever) |
amateur's department - diy (do it yourself)
ambassador - he (His Excellency) America - us, usa American detective - fed American lawyer - da (district attorney) American railway - el (elevated) American soldier - gi (government issue) an - i ancient times - bc (before Christ) and others- et al (Latin et alii) and rest - et al (Latin et alii) angle - l (symbolic L) appeal - sos (distress signal) apprentice - l (learner) approval - ok approximately - c, ca (circa) archbishop - ebor (York: Latin eboracum) archdeacon - ven (venerable) are - r (gramogram) arithmetic - r (the three 'r's) army - ta (Territorial Army) around - c, ca, o (circa, symbolic) Aussie PM - arvo autobiography - cv (curriculum vitae) award - ch, obe, om (Companion of Honour, Order of the British Empire, Order of Merit) |
B
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Bach's works - s (Schmieder catalogue)
beady - bd (gramogram) bearing - e, n, s, w bee - b (gramogram) bees - bb, bs (gramogram) before Christ - ac (Latin ante Christum) before food - ac (Latin ante cibum) before lunch - am (ante meridiem) before the day - ad (Latin ante diem) beginner - l (learner) bend - s, u beware - kv (Latin cave) bible - av (authorised version) big - os (oversize) big banger - tnt big guns - ra (Royal Artillery) big noise - vip (very important person) big paper - ao |
bill - ac (account)
bishop - odo, rr (Odo Earl of Kent, Right Reverend) blob - o boat - e, q, u body - x bomb - a, h (atom, hydrogen) Bond's boss- m bone - os, t book - lib, tome, vol (Latin liber) books - nt, ot (new and old testaments) born - n, nat (Latin natus) bravo - b (phonetic alphabet) bridge opponents - ne, nw, se, sw bridge partners - ew, ns bridge players - e, n, s, w (card game) brief reply - ans (answer) business - co (company) butler - rab (Richard Austen Butler, British politician) |
C
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cagey - kg
Capek's play - rur (Rossum's Universal Robots) capital authority - gla (Greater London Authority) Capone - al car - rr (Rolls Royce) car test - mot (Ministry of Transport) cart - t (tea) castle - r (rook) Catholic dignitary - dom cave - kv (Latin gramogram) cavity - o (symbolic) cayenne - kn (gramogram) celebrity - vip (very important person) celt - p, q (classes of Celtic languages) censor - cato (Roman Cato the Elder) certainly - ok charge - ac (account) Charlie - c (phonetic alphabet) chemist - mps (Member Pharmaceutical Society) Christ - x Christian era - ad (anno Domini) Christmas period - dec (December) chromosome - x, y church - ce, rc (Church of England, Roman Catholic) cipher - o (zero) circle - o (symbolic) |
circuit - o (symbolic)
circular letter - o (symbolic) cleric - dd (Doctor of Divinity) commander - cinc, co, oc commercial - ad (advertisement) companion - ch (Companion of Honour) complex number - c conservative - lib, tory conspirator - oates (Titus Oates) contemporary - ad continent - eur copper - d, p (penny) corner - l (symbolic L) Cornwall - sw (UK county location) corporal - nco (non-commissioned officer) corporation - tum correct - ok counter - geiger, gm (Geiger-Muller) crack - c (cocaine) credit notes - ious (gramogram) cricket team - xi (Roman numerals) cross - t, x (symbolic) crown - er, hm, k, q cue - q (gramogram) current - ac, dc (alternating and direct current) cutie - qt (gramogram) |
D
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day - fri, mon, sat, sun, thu, tue, v, wed
dead - ob, obit dead-end - ct (court) debts - ious (gramogram) Debussy's works - l (Lesure catalogue) decisive blow - ko (knockout) dee - d (gramogram) degree - ba, ma (bachelor of arts, master of arts) delta - d (phonetic alphabet) detective - pi (private investigator) detectives - cid (criminal investigation department) Devon - sw (UK county location) dial - o (symbolic) died - ob, obit dime - ioc (ten cents) direction - e, l, n, r, s, w |
disc - o (symbolic)
divine - dd (Doctor of Divinity) doctor - bm, dd, gp, mb, md, mo doll - qp (gramogram) dollar - s Dorothy's dog - toto (Wizard of Oz) double - di (prefix) doughboy - gi (US soldier) drowned valley - ria drug - c, e, h, k (ketamine), lsd dry - tt (teetotal) duck - o (nil in cricket) duck's eggs - oo (symbolic) Durham area - ne (UK county location) Dvorak's works - b (Burghauser catalogue) |
E
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each year - pa (per annum)
early morning - iam (1 am) ease - ee, es (gramograms) ecclesiastical title - ven (venerable) echo - e (phonetic alphabet) educated man - ma (master of arts) educational establishment - u (university) effect - a (alienation: theatre) egg - o (symbolic) eighty - r (old Roman numerals) eighty thousand - r (see Roman numerals) el - l (gramogram) elevated railway - l (gramogram el) eleven - ii, o (symbolic, old Roman numerals) eleven thousand - o (see Roman numerals) ell - l (gramogram) ells - ll, ls (gramograms) em - m (gramogram) empty - mt (gramogram) o (symbolic) ems - mm, ms (gramograms) en - n (gramogram) engineer - re (Royal Engineers) |
engineers - ice, reme (Institute of Civil Engineers, Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers)
ens - nn, ns (gramograms) envy - nv (gramogram) epsilon - e (Greek alphabet) era - ad (anno Domini) essay - sa (gramogram) Essen - sn (gramogram) eta - h (Greek alphabet) evening - pm (post meridiem) every - ea (each) ewe - u (gramogram) ewes - us, uu (gramograms) ex - x (gramogram) examination - a, o (levels in UK) excel - xl (gramogram) excellency - he (His Excellency) exercise - pe (physical exercise) exists - iss exotic - et (extra-terrestial) explosive - he, tnt (high explosive) eye - ay, aye, i (homophones, gramogram) eyes - ii, is (gramograms) |
F
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fairly quiet - mp (mezzo piano)
fairy queen - mab (in Romeo and Juliet) fast car - gt (grand tourer) fields - wc (American comedian) fifty - a, l (Roman numerals) fifty pounds - ll fifty thousand - l (see Roman numerals) fifty-fifty ll (Roman numerals) fighter - gi (US soldier) film - et, r, u, x (title and ratings) fine - ok firm - co (company) first - ist first item in sale - loti (lot one) five - a, v (Roman numerals) five hundred - a, d, q (old Roman numerals) five hundred thousand - a, d, q (see Roman numerals) five thousand - a (see Roman numerals) fleet - rn (Royal Navy) |
fliers - raf (Royal Air Force)
football - afl, fa, rl, ru (codes) footnote - ps (postscript) for all to see - u (universal film rating) for instance - eg (Latin exempli gratia) former student - ob forty - f (old Roman numerals) forty thousand - f (see Roman numerals) four - iv (Roman numerals) four hundred - g, p (old Roman numerals) four hundred thousand - g, p (see Roman numerals) fox - tod foxtrot - f (phonetic alphabet) free - fob (free on board) French king - sm (sa majeste) French queen - sm (sa majeste) Frenchman - m (monsieur) Frenchmen - mm full moon - o (symbolic) |
G
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game - nim
gas - cl, co, f, h, he, n, ne, o (elemental symbols) gee - g (gramogram) gee-gee - gg (gramogram) German - hun German soldier - ss (schutzstaffel) globe - o (symbolic) God willing - dv (deo volente) gold - bull golf - g (phonetic alphabet) good book - nt, ot (new and old testaments) |
good man - st (saint)
Gort's men - bef (British Expeditionary Force) Gotham - ny (New York) governor - he (His Excellency) graduate - ba, ma (Bachelor of Arts, Master of Arts) grand - k (kilo) graphite - kish (type of graphite) guerrilla - che (Che Guevara) gunmen - ra (Royal Artillery) gym - pe (physical exercise) gypsy - rom (Romani) |
H
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half an em - n (gramogram of en)
half century - l (Roman numeral) half day - am, pm half dozen - vi (Roman numerals) half minute - mo (moment) hand - ab, l, r (able-bodied seaman, left, right) healer - dr (doctor) heat - j (joule) high class - u (upper class) high point - max (maximum) hill - mt (mount) hole - o (symbolic) hollow - o (symbolic) holy man - st (saint) holy writ - nt, to (new and old testaments) home counties - se (UK county location) |
honour - ch, obe, om (Companion of Honour, Order of the British Empire, Order of Merit)
hoop - o (symbolic) horse - gg (gramogram gee-gee) hospital - san hospital department - ent (ear, nose and throat) hotel - h (phonetic alphabet) house - cot (cottage) Howard - ron (US actor/director) hug - o (symbolic) Humberside - ne (UK county location) hundred - c, ic (Roman numerals) hundred and sixty - t (old Roman numerals) hundred and sixty thousand - t (see Roman numerals) hundred thousand - c (see Roman numerals) hundreds - cs, d (Roman numerals) |
I
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I - ay, aye, eye (homophones)
I say - ay, aye, eye (homophone and indicator) I see - ic (gramogram) illegal army - eta, ira, isil, plo (Euskadi Ta Askatasuna) illiterate's signature - x image building - pr (public relations) imaginary number - i (square root of -1) in good condition - go (good order) in the modern age - ad (anno Domini) in the same place - ib (Latin ibidem) in the year of our Lord - ad (anno Domini) indefinite number - no |
India - i
inexperienced driver - l (learner) integers - z international - un (United Nations) intersection - t invariably - eer (ever) Irish house - dail (parliament) Irish police - ruc (Royal Ulster Constabulary) island - iom (Isle of Man) it - sa (sex appeal) Italian money - l (lira) ivy - iv (gramogram) |
J
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Japanese play - noh (musical drama)
jay - j (gramogram) journalist - ed (editor) |
Juliet - j (phonetic alphabet)
junction - t |
K
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kale - kl (gramogram)
kewpie - qp (gramogram) king - cr, er, gr, hm, lear, r (Charles, Edward, George rex) |
kiss - x (symbolic)
knave - j (jack) |
L
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labour - alp (Australian Labor Party)
lake - erie landline - br, rly, ry (British Rail) laptop - l large - os (oversize) large bust - dd largesse - s (homophone) last month - dec, ult (December, Latin ultimo mense) lawman - earp (Wyatt Earp, American western) lawyer - bl, da (Bachelor of Laws, district attorney) leading - noi (number one) least - min (minimum) legate - he (His Excellency) light - led (light emitting diode) lima - l (phonetic alphabet) Lincoln - abe (Abraham) line - l liner - ss (steamship) |
lines - br, rly, ry (British Rail)
Liszt's works - s (Searle catalogue) little horse - gg (gramogram) little way - rd, st (road, street) little woman - w local - inn, ph (public house) logarithm base - e London area - se (UK location) London district - ec (eastern central) London's west end - L look - v (Latin vide) loop - o (symbolic) lot - c, d, m, mm (Roman numerals) loudly - f (forte) love - o (symbolic) loved one - hon (honey) low point - min (minimum) |
M
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main road - mi
man - iom (Isle of Man) management - admin many - c, d, m, mm (Roman numerals) marine - rm (Royal Marines) marketing - ad, pr marshal - ney (Napoleonic commander) master - ma (Master of Arts) maths function - cos, log, sin, tan measure - ell, ft, m, yd medal - mc, td, vc (Military Cross, Territorial Decoration, Victoria Cross) medals - mm meeting - agm member - mp memory - ram, rom (random access memory, read only memory) Merseyside - nw (UK county location) midday - n (noon) middleman - a |
mike - m (phonetic alphabet)
miners - num (UK National Union of Mineworkers) minister - rev (reverend) misanthrope - timon (of Athens) missiles - ammo (ammunition) model - t (Ford) modern miss - ms modern times - ad (anno Domini) monarch - er, hm, q, k, r money - l (pound) month - apr, aug, dec, feb, jan, jul, jun, mar, may, nov, oct, sep morning - am (ante meridiem) most - max (maximum) motoring organisation - aa (UK Automobile Association) motorway - m, mi mounties - mp (mounted police) Mozart's works - k (Kochel catalogue) museum - va (Victoria & Albert) |
N
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namely - sc, viz (Latin scilicet, videlicet)
native - abo (aborigine) naught - o navy - mn, rm, rn (merchant navy, royal marine, royal navy) neck - col, v neper - np ( logarthmic unit) new driver - l (learner) New York opera - met (Metropolitan) newspaper - ft (Financial Times) newspaperman - ed (editor) newton - n (unit of force) next month - prox (Latin proximo mense) nil - o (symbolic) nine - ix (Roman numerals) ninety - n, q (old Roman numerals) ninety nine - ic (see Roman numerals) ninety thousand - n, q (see Roman numerals) |
no-one - noi
no way - ord (no road) noisy - f (forte) non-commissioned officer - corp, lc, nco, serg, sgt, sm, or (other ranks) note -nb (Latin nota bene) note well - nb (Latin nota bene) nothing - o (symbolic) nothing to America - ous notice - ad (advertisement) nought - o (symbolic) novel - she (Henry Rider Haggard) November - n (phonetic alphabet) novice - l (learner) now - ad (anno Domini) number one - i, noi nurse - srn (state registered nurse) |
O
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objector - co (conscientious objector)
odds - sp (starting price) offensive - tet (Vietnam war) officer - co, lt (commanding officer, lieutenant) ogee - og (gramogram) oh - o (gramogram) ohs - oo, os (gramogram) old Bob - s (shilling) old contemptibles - bef (British Expeditionary Force) old Irish magistrate - rm (resident magistrate) old king - cole, lud old penny - d (Latin denarius) old pound - l (Latin libra) old Prime Minister - eden, pitt old scholar - erasmus (of Rotterdam) old shilling - s (Latin solidus) old way of dating - auc (Latin ab urbe condita) on - re on the wagon - tt (teetotal) on view to all - u (universal film rating) one - i (symbolic) |
one answer - ians
one hundred and fifty - y (old Roman numerals) one hundred and fifty thousand - y (see Roman numerals) one member - amp, imp (a member of parliament) one pound - al, alb, il, ilb, l one's - is online connector - isp (internet service provider) opposing - v (versus) orb - o (symbolic) orchestra - lso (London Symphony Orchestra) order - ch, obe, om (Companion of Honour, Officer of the British Empire, Order of Merit) orient - e (east) Oscar - o (phonetic alphabet) our era - ad (anno Domini) our islands - gb (Great Britain) our time - ad (anno Domini) overhead railway - l (gramogram el: elevated) owe - o (gramogram) owes - oo, os (gramograms) own Scottish - ain |
P
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painter - ra (Royal Academy [of Arts])
papa - p (phonetic alphabet) paper - a, b, ms (ab sizes, manuscript) papers - id, mss (identification, manuscripts) paragon - s, st (saint) part of Bible - nt, ot (new and old testaments) partnership - ew, ns (in game of bridge) party - alp, con, dem, lab, nat, tory (politics) pass - col PC network - lan (local area network) pea - p (gramogram) peace - sh peacekeepers - un (United Nations) peas - pp, ps (gramograms) pee - p (gramogram) pees - pp, ps (gramograms) pellet - o (symbolic) period - ac, ad, bc (ante Christum, anno Domini, before Christ) personal problem - bo (body odour) personnel department - hr (human resources) photo - pic please answer - rsvp (French repondez s'il vous plait) plotter's street - cato PM's address - ten, x (Downing St) poet - ae (George William Russell) |
point - e, n, s, w
pole - n, np, s, sp police - cid, met (criminal investigation department, metropolitan police) policeman - mp, pc (metropolitan police, police constable) politician - con, lab, lib, mp, nat, rep, tory pope - hh (His Holiness) port - l (left) posh - u (upper class) pothead - p power - ac, dc (alternating and direct current) present - ad (anno Domini) priest - fr, rev (father, reverend) princess - di printer's measure - em, en, dpi private - gi (US soldier) private eye - pi profanity - eff promises to pay - ious (gramogram) promotion - ad (advertisement) psychic - esp (extra sensory perception) psychotic state - dt (Latin delirium tremens) publicity - ad, pr (advertisement, public relations) puff - ad (advertisement) pupil - l (learner) |
Q
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quarter - e, n, ne, nw, s, se, sw, w
Quebec - q (phonetic alphabet) queen - er, hm, mab, r |
queue - q (gramogram)
quid - l quietly - p (piano) |
R
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rabbit - brer
radio - cb (citizens band) rail - ry railway - l (line) rate - mph (miles per hour) rating - ab (able bodied seaman) reading - r (the three 'r's) real numbers - r record - cd, ep, lp (compact disc, extended play, long play) relation - bro, sib, sis (brother, sibling, sister) religion - ce, rc (Church of England, Roman Catholic) representative - mp (member of parliament) revolutionary - che (Che Guevara) |
ring - o (symbolic)
ring road - ord road - ave, st (avenue, street) Roman and others - et al Romeo - r (phonetic alphabet) rontgen unit - r roughly - c, ca (circa) round - o (symbolic) royal - er, hm, k, q, r royal badge - er ruler - er, hm, k, q, r running - admin |
S
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sailor - ab, hand, jack, os, salt (able-bodied, ordinary seaman)
sailors - rn (Royal Navy) salesman - rep salt - ab (able bodied seaman) same - do (Italian ditto) same place - ib (Latin ibidem) sapper - re (Royal Engineers) sauce - hp say - eg (Latin exempli gratia) Scarlatti's works - k (Kirkpatrick catalogue) scholar - ba, ma (Bachelor of Arts, Master of Arts) Schubert's works - d (Deutsch catalogue) science centre - lab Scot - mac scripture - nt, ot (new and old testaments) sea - c (gramogram) seaman - ab (able bodied) seas - cc, cs (gramograms) second - mo (moment) second in command - o second thoughts - ps (post script) secret service - cia (US Central Intelligence Agency) secretary - pa (personal assistant) see - c, v (gramogram, Latin vide) see why - cy (gramogram) see you - cu (gramogram) seedy - cd (gramogram) self help group - aa senior officer - co (commanding officer) sergeant - nco (non commissioned officer) service - raf, rm, rn (Royal Air Force, Marines and Navy) serving man - gi (US soldier) seven - s, z (old Roman numerals) seven thousand - s, z (see Roman numerals) sex - f, m (female, male) shilling - bob ship - ss (steamship) shirt - t short answer - ans short break - hol, vac (holiday, vacation) short time - mo, sec, t side - l, r, xi, xv sierra - s (phonetic alphabet) sign of love - x sign of the times - x (multiplication) silent order - sh |
sir - kt (Knight Templar)
sixpence - vid, vip (Roman numeral and penny) sixth sense - esp (extra sensory perception) sleep - zz smack - h (heroin) small change - p (penny) small measure - cc (cubic centimetre) small quantity - cc (cubic centimetre) small weight - ct, gr, oz, wt (carat, gram, ounce) smell - bo (body odour) snow - c (cocaine) soccer blunder - og (own goal) socially acceptable - u (upper class) soft - b (graphite pencil grade) softly - p (piano) software program - app soldier - gi, ney soldiers - men, ra, re, sas (Royal Artillery, Royal Engineers, Special Air Service) sovereign - er, l Soviet Union - ussr Spanish approval - ole Spanish hero - cid (11th century) specialist - ent (ear, nose and throat) specifically - sc (Latin scilicet) spectacles - oo (symbolic) speed - mph (miles per hour) speed of light - c spies - cia, mi sport - pe sports car - gt (grand tourer) spot marked - x spymaster - m (from James Bond) square - t square root of -1 - i (imaginary number) stand-in - sub (substitute) state - nsw, qld, sa, tas, vic, wa straight line - i, l (symbolic) strongly - f (forte) student - l (learner) students - nus (UK National Union of Students) stunner - ko (knockout) suit - g (used in aviation) suitable for children - u (universal film rating) superior - u (upper class) |
T
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take note - nb (Latin nota bene)
tango - t (phonetic alphabet) tap - c, h (cold, hot) tar - ab (able bodied seaman) tax - vat (value added tax) tea - t (gramogram) tea-time - iv (Roman numeral) teachers - nut (UK National Union of Teachers) team - xi, xv (Roman numerals players in cricket and football teams) teas - ts, tt (gramograms) tee - t (gramogram) teepee - tp (gramogram) tees - ts, tt (gramograms) telepathy - esp (extra sensory perception) ten - io, x ten thousand - x (see Roman numerals) territory - act, nt (Australian Capital Territory, Northern Territory) terrorists - eta, ira, isil, plo (Euskadi Ta Askatasuna) tesla - t (magnetic field strength) test - mot (UK Ministry of Transport) text - ms, sms (manuscript, short message service) that is - ie, sc (Latin id est, scilicet) the pope - hh (His Holiness) the same - do (ditto) theologian - dd (Doctor of Divinity) thirty days - apr, jun, sep, nov thirty seconds - min, ute (half minute) this era - ad (anno Domini) |
this month - inst (Latin instante mense)
this year - ha (Latin hoc anno) thoroughfare - st (street) thousand - g, k, m (grand, kilo, Roman numeral) three hundred - b (old Roman numerals) three hundred thousand - b (see Roman numerals) three times a day - tid (Latin ter in die) time - mo, sec (moment, second) times - x (multiplication symbol) today - ad (anno Domini) torpedo boat - mtb (motor torpedo boat) touching - re tradesmen - tu (trade union) trainee - l (learner) training - pe, pt trains - br (British Rail) transatlantic - us (United States) transport - br, rly, ry (British Rail) traveller - rep, rom (representative, Romani) trivial sum - id, ip (one penny) tube - u (association gramogram) turn - u two - ii, pr, di (Roman numerals, pair, prefix) two hundred - cc, h (Roman numerals) two hundred and fifty - e, k (old Roman numerals) two hundred and fifty thousand - e, k (see Roman numerals) two hundred thousand - h (see Roman numerals) Tyneside - ne (UK location) |
U
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u-boat - sub (submarine)
Ulster - ni (Northern Ireland) uniform - u (phonetic alphabet) United Kingdom - gb (Great Britain) unknown - x, y, z (mathematics) unknown number - n unpaid - hon (honorary) |
upfront - u
upper class - u uppish - u upright - i (symbolic) use - uu (gramogram) used - sh (second hand) |
V
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vacant - e (empty)
variable - x, y, z (mathematics) very large - os (oversize) very loudly - ff (fortissimo) very quietly - pp (pianissimo) very softly - pp (pianissimo) very strongly - ff (fortissimo) |
vessel - can, ss (steamship)
vicar - rev (reverend) victor - v (phonetic alphabet) victory - ve, vj (victory in Europe, victory over Japan) viz - sc (Latin scilicet) vote - x |
W
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warrant officer - rsm, wo (regimental sergeant major)
warship - sub (submarine) Washington - dc (District of Columbia) water - aq (chemical symbol) watering hole - ph (public house) way - ave, rd, st (avenue, road, street) way of working - mo (Latin modus operandi) web address - url (universal resource locator) weight - ct, g, gr, lb, oz, st, ton (carat, gram, pound, ounce, stone) well - ok |
whiskey - w (phonetic alphabet)
whistleblower - ref why - y (gramogram) wise - ys, yy (gramograms) Wodehouse - pg (Pelham Grenville) woman - f work - op (opus) writing - ms, r (manuscript, three 'r's) wrong - x |
X
xray - x (phonetic alphabet)
Y
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yankee - y (phonetic alphabet)
year - a (annum) yearly meeting - agm yew - u (gramogram) yews - us, uu (gramograms) |
you - u (gramogram)
you are - ur (gramogram) you see - uc (gramogram) you will say - yule (homophone and indicator) |
Z
zero - o (symbolic)
zip - o (symbolic: zero)
zulu - z (phonetic alphabet)
zip - o (symbolic: zero)
zulu - z (phonetic alphabet)
